Organization | • | Illinois State Water Survey | [X] |
| | | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 2003 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is important to climate change and cropland agriculture. Crops naturally use the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO2), from the atmosphere; the greater the crop productivity, the greater the amount of CO2 used. Agronomic practices that enhance sequestration of crop biomass in soil as SOC also enhance removal of CO2 from the atmosphere, and improve and sustain soil fertility. To effectively reduce the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere and mitigate climate change, sequestration of SOC must be long term, defined as decades or longer. This report presents a review and synthesis of scientific understanding of SOC sequestration, based on the history and genesis of soils and vegetation in Illinois, and the response of SOC and crops to agronomic practices. Recommendations for future cropland SOC research are made. The scientific literature is reviewed in light of the Illinois conditions affecting the five interactive soil-forming factors that are widely recognized (biology, parent material, climate, topography, and time). The literature also shows that human activity can be considered a sixth soil-forming factor. Native American land-use practices of whole ecosystem manipulation were important in governing soil formation and SOC contents in Illinois, as were the land-use practices of the settlers who displaced them. An important finding of this work is that to reduce the atmospheric CO2 content and sustain cropland agriculture, SOC must be sequestered throughout the soil profile. The modern literature reports SOC increases when tillage is changed from conventional to conservation tillage practices. However, SOC measurements are surficial, usually no more than the top 30 cm, with most of the C being sequestered in the top 15 cm. The unstated assumption in the modern literature is that surficial SOC changes represent all the SOC changes in the soil profile. This work shows that the SOC losses in the deeper soil layers may overwhelm surficial SOC increases. In order to assert that C is being sequestered in the soil, the whole-soil profile must be considered. It is recommended that future research into SOC sequestration be conducted from a whole-plant/whole-soil perspective in a soil genesis context using the following strategies. Mine the Literature. Most of the literature needed to provide the requisite whole-plant/whole-soil perspective and soil genesis context is scattered and not organized, summarized, or synthesized in the current SOC sequestration literature. The evolution of SOC sequestration research has been a narrowing of perspective away from the more holistic whole-plant/whole-soil perspective of the foundational agronomic literature to the perspective of the near-surface soil layer. This vast foundational literature needs to be located, restored, and incorporated with the current literature on crop rhizosphere and C and nutrient cycles throughout the whole-soil profile, soil genesis, soil fertility, subsoil amelioration, and other literatures to be organized, summarized, and synthesized into the SOC sequestration literature. Long-term Whole Plant/Whole Soil Monitoring and Assessment. Assessment of the effects of agronomic practices on SOC must be expanded to include the whole-soil profile. Improved estimates of presettlement soil SOC contents are needed to better assess SOC loss and SOC sequestration potential of Illinois' prairie and forest soils. The magnitude and swiftness with which natural factors govern SOC contents need to be better identified and quantified while incorporating a more comprehensive definition of soil aging along with consideration of presettlement and postsettlement anthropogenic landscape management practices as soil-forming factors. SOC Sequestration Research. Finally, research on how agronomic practices can increase SOC throughout the soil profile needs to be conducted from a whole-plant/whole-soil perspective in a soil genesis context. This report indicates that the optimal way to sequester SOC is to convert land back to native prairie, burn frequently, add fertilizers, and remove anthropogenic surface and subsurface drainage. Such an approach is not practical. Constraints on optimizing cropland SOC sequestration include: 1) the need to maintain good soil drainage in Illinois soils for timely spring planting that allows for growth of long-season corn hybrids and soybean varieties; and 2) maintaining soil-nutrient levels that do not result in water-quality issues. Within these constraints, the authors hypothesize that SOC sequestration can best be done by 1) developing balanced soil-fertility programs and other agronomic practices that restore soil nutrients to levels optimum for plant growth, promote movement of plant nutrients throughout the root zone using organic and/or inorganic carriers, and promote deep rooting of plants with minimal mechanical disturbance of the soil by tillage; and 2) developing chemical pest control programs that minimize the effects of pesticides on soil bacteria, and microfauna and macrofauna, thus promoting conversion of biomass to SOC, pedoturbation and net movement of SOC through the soil profile, and creation of soil structure and aggregation that optimize biomass production and conversion to stabilized SOC. Research on the development of these practices must include evaluation of nutrient movement into ground and surface waters. Losses of SOC have occurred on the order of the century time scale. SOC sequestration and the measure of its success (permanence of SOC sequestration) are also necessarily measured on the order of the century time scale. Therefore, long-term (20- to 30-year) agronomic SOC sequestration research at both the farm and individual plot level needs to be designed and conducted for hypothesis and model testing, as well as evaluation of the permanence of SOC in the surface and whole-soil profile. Even longer term research needs to be designed and conducted for hypothesis refinement and for monitoring. | | | | Date Created: | 9 24 2004 | | | | Agency ID: | CR-2003-02 | | | | ISL ID: | 000000000902 Original UID: 999999994351 FIRST WORD: Identification | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 2002 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | Brochure describing the Illinois State Climatologist, which is located in Champaign, Illinois, at the Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS). The ISWS, a division of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources Office of Scientific Research and Analysis and an affiliated agency of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, is the primary agency in Illinois for research and information on surface water, groundwater, and the atmosphere. | | | | Date Created: | 9 24 2004 | | | | Agency ID: | IEM-2002-01 | | | | ISL ID: | 000000000899 Original UID: 999999994338 FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 1994 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | The Illinois Climate Network (ICN) consists of 19 automated weather stations operated by the Illinois State Water Survey. Stations are located on the University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Farms, the Southern Illinois University Agronomy Experiment Farms, and on community college campuses around the state. The ICN is part of the Water and Atmospheric Resources Monitoring (WARM) Network, which also collects information on soil moisture, groundwater, surface water, and suspended stream sediments. The ICN data have been used for agricultural purposes, such as for irrigation scheduling and to evaluate the progress of insect and crop development during spring and summer. The Illinois Department of Agriculture frequently requests the wind data when evaluating spray drift complaints. The ICN data are also used to assess the potential for using solar radiation and wind as alternative energy sources in Illinois. At each station a 10 meter tower equipped with weather instruments records hourly average air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed and direction, barometric pressure, and soil temperatures at 10 and 20 centimeters. Detailed descriptions of station sites are presented, including areal photographs of a 1,000 meter radius of each station. Hourly wind speed mean and variances were used to estimate the effect of obstructions around the weather towers on wind flow at each tower. Total hourly precipitation and hourly standard deviations of each weather variable are also recorded. The barometric pressure, including hourly maximum and minimum pressures and the time of the maxima and minima, have been recorded since early 1992. Daily data that are saved include maximum and minimum air temperature, maximum and minimum relative humidity, maximum and minimum soil temperatures, maximum wind gusts and direction, and their times of occurrence. The data are automatically retrieved from the stations once each day between midnight and 4:00 a.m. At least three times a week, a database management technician checks the data for quality control, and then the data are made available to the public on the Midwestern Climate Center's Midwestern Climate Information System. | | | | Date Created: | 9 24 2004 | | | | Agency ID: | C-178 | | | | ISL ID: | 000000000765 Original UID: 999999993838 FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 2002 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | The Illinois River has become a focus of state and federal agencies and other organizations interested in integrated watershed management. As a result, issues related to habitat restoration, floodplain management, navigation, erosion and sedimentation, and water quality of the Illinois River are being discussed at the watershed scale. In support of this effort, the Illinois Scientific Surveys have initiated development of the Illinois Rivers Decision Support System (ILRDSS) for use in documenting project activities within the watershed and assessing and evaluating the effectiveness of potential restoration projects and management practices. The ILRDSS will integrate and expand existing databases and numerical models of segments of the Illinois River into an integrated decision support system (DSS) for the entire Illinois River watershed. New databases and models also will be created for the watershed, as well as a comprehensive ILRDSS web portal to all available data and information about the Illinois River and its basin. This report describes the current status of ILRDSS development and serves as an introduction to those unfamiliar with the Illinois Rivers Decision Support System. | | | | Date Created: | 9 24 2004 | | | | Agency ID: | IEM-2002-02 | | | | ISL ID: | 000000000921 Original UID: 999999994335 FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 2004-2005 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) continues to provide a wealth of scientific and engineering data for use by individuals, businesses, and government agencies throughout Illinois and the nation. The many uses of these data include education, research, natural resources planning, insurance, public health, transportation, policy analysis, agriculture, energy development, facilities maintenance, and construction. More information is contained throughout this 2004-2005 Annual Report. Almost every area of Illinois has been served by the Survey during its 100-year-plus tenure. | | | | Date Created: | 11 10 2005 | | | | Agency ID: | | | | | ISL ID: | 000000000195 Original UID: 218 FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | The Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) continues to provide a wealth of scientific and engineering data for use by individuals, businesses, and government agencies throughout Illinois and the nation. The many uses of this datainclude education, research, natural resources planning, insurance, public health, transportation,policy analysis, agriculture, energy development, facilities maintenance, and construction. Examples of new and evolving ISWS products and services are contained throughout these reports. | | | | Date Created: | | | | | Agency ID: | | | | | ISL ID: | 000000000219 Original UID: NA for serial records FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 1999 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | The Illinois State Water survey provides reliable data to help ensure safe drinking water and water for industry, navigation, and waste management. Annual report 1998-1999 contains the following information: Introduction, Office of the Chief, Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, Atmospheric Environment Section, Ground-Water Section, National Atmospheric Deposition Program, Watershed Science Section, Publications by Water Survey Staff, Honors, Water Survey Contacts and Financial Statement, FY99 | | | | Date Created: | 11 03 1999 | | | | Agency ID: | | | | | ISL ID: | 000000001577 Original UID: 1518 FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 2000 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | The Illinois State Water survey provides reliable data to help ensure safe drinking water and water for industry, navigation, and waste management. Annual report 1999-2000 contains the following information: From the Chief's Desk, Office of the Chief, Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, Atmospheric Environment Section, Ground-Water Section, National Atmospheric Deposition Program, Watershed Science Section, Publications by Water Survey Staff, Honors, Adjunct and Emeritus Appointments, Water Survey Contacts and Financial Statement, FY 00 | | | | Date Created: | 12 04 2000 | | | | Agency ID: | | | | | ISL ID: | 000000001503 Original UID: 1429 FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 2001 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | The Illinois State Water survey provides reliable data to help ensure safe drinking water and water for industry, navigation, and waste management. Annual Report 2000-2001 contains the following information: From the Chief's Desk, Office of the Chief, Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, Atmospheric Environment Section, Groundwater Section, National Atmospheric Deposition Program, Watershed Science Section, Publications by Water Survey Staff, Honors, Adjunct and Emeritus Appointments, Water Survey Contacts and Financial Statement, FY 01 | | | | Date Created: | 11 28 2001 | | | | Agency ID: | | | | | ISL ID: | 000000001500 Original UID: 1426 FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 2002 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | The Illinois State Water survey provides reliable data to help ensure safe drinking water and water for industry, navigation, and waste management. Annual Report 2001-2002 contains the following information: From the Chief's Desk, Office of the Chief, Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, Atmospheric Environment Section, Groundwater Section, National Atmospheric Deposition Program, Watershed Science Section, Publications by Water Survey Staff, Honors, Adjunct and Emeritus Appointments, Water Survey Contacts and Financial Statement, FY 02 | | | | Date Created: | 11 21 2002 | | | | Agency ID: | | | | | ISL ID: | 000000001499 Original UID: 1425 FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 2003 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | The Illinois State Water survey provides reliable data to help ensure safe drinking water and water for industry, navigation, and waste management. The Annual Report for 2002-2003 contains the following information: From the Chief's Desk, Achievements, Water Survey Staff at Work, Office of the Chief, Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, Atmospheric Environment Section, Groundwater Section, National Atmospheric Deposition Program, Watershed Science Section, Publications by Water Survey Staff, Honors, Adjunct and Emeritus Appointments, Water Survey Contacts and Financial Statement, FY 03 | | | | Date Created: | 11 17 2003 | | | | Agency ID: | | | | | ISL ID: | 000000001451 Original UID: 1377 FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 2004 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | The Illinois State Water survey provides reliable data to help ensure safe drinking water and water for industry, navigation, and waste management. The Annual Report for 2003-2004 contains the following information: From the Chief's Desk, ISWS and Chinese Scientists Collaborate on Modeling, Board of Natural, Resources and Conservation, Water Survey Staff at Work, Office of the Chief, Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, Atmospheric Environment Section, Groundwater Section, National Atmospheric Deposition Program, Watershed Science Section, Publications by Water Survey Staff, Honors, Water Survey Contacts, Adjunct and Emeritus Appointments, Financial Statement, FY 04 | | | | Date Created: | 12 29 2004 | | | | Agency ID: | | | | | ISL ID: | 000000001498 Original UID: 1424 FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 2006 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | The Illinois State Water survey provides reliable data to help ensure safe drinking water and water for industry, navigation, and waste management. Annual report 2005-2006 contains the following information: From the Chief's Desk, Office of the Chief, Center for Atmospheric Science, Center for Chemistry and Technology,Center for Groundwater Science, Center for Watershed Science, National Atmospheric Deposition Program, Publications by Water Survey Staff, Water Survey Contacts, Honors, Adjunct and Emeritus Appointments and Financial Statement, FY 06. | | | | Date Created: | 11 21 2006 | | | | Agency ID: | | | | | ISL ID: | 000000002109 Original UID: 2056 FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 2004 February 23 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | This Illinois State Water Survey plan is the quality assurance document that describes the processes and procedures for staff and management to follow in the collection and reporting of environmental data. | | | | Date Created: | 02 23 2004 | | | | Agency ID: | Version 1.7 | | | | ISL ID: | 000000002003 Original UID: 1963 FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 2005 April | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | The Illinois State Water Survey strategic plan provides mission, vision, goals, and strategies to ensure the long-term availability of adequate supplies of clean water at a reasonable cost. | | | | Date Created: | 04 01 2005 | | | | Agency ID: | | | | | ISL ID: | 000000003004 Original UID: 2872 FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 2004 April | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | The Illinois State Water Survey strategic plan provides mission, vision, goals, and strategies to ensure the long-term availability of adequate supplies of clean water at a reasonable cost. | | | | Date Created: | 04 22 2004 | | | | Agency ID: | | | | | ISL ID: | 000000003005 Original UID: 2873 FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 2003 May | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | The Illinois State Water Survey strategic plan provides mission, vision, goals, and strategies to ensure the long-term availability of adequate supplies of clean water at a reasonable cost. | | | | Date Created: | 06 10 2003 | | | | Agency ID: | | | | | ISL ID: | 000000003010 Original UID: 2874 FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 2002 August | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | The Illinois State Water Survey strategic plan provides mission, vision, goals, and strategies to ensure the long-term availability of adequate supplies of clean water at a reasonable cost. | | | | Date Created: | 08 2002 | | | | Agency ID: | | | | | ISL ID: | 000000003011 Original UID: 2875 FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 2002 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | The Illinois State Water Survey strategic plan provides mission, vision, goals, and strategies to ensure the long-term availability of adequate supplies of clean water at a reasonable cost. | | | | Date Created: | 08 01 2002 | | | | Agency ID: | | | | | ISL ID: | 000000003012 Original UID: 2875 FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | The Illinois State Water Survey strategic plan provides mission, vision, goals, and strategies to ensure the long-term availability of adequate supplies of clean water at a reasonable cost. | | | | Date Created: | | | | | Agency ID: | | | | | ISL ID: | 000000003094 Original UID: NA for serial records FIRST WORD: Illinois | |
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